Tuesday, May 26, 2015

HOW TO: Disect a Frog

Frog (Amphibia)


Background

Frogs are found on every continent except Antarctica. They are able to live in a wide range of environments. Since frogs are amphibians, they are able to live on both land and sea. They have a preference for environments such as: creeks, ponds, swamps etc. As larvae, frogs are able to breathe through their gills in water. As adults on land, they breath with their lungs and through their skin by cutaneous gas exchange. Frogs are carnivorous, which means that they eat meat—insects such as flies, mosquitoes, moths, and dragonflies. 

FUN FACT: One gram of the toxin produced by the skin of the golden poison dart frog could kill 100,000 people.






External Anatomy 


Tympanic membrane— eardrum of the frog that receives sound 
Glottis— opening from the mouth into the respiratory system 
External nares— nose of the frog that helps air go in and out
Nictating membrane— transparent part of frog's lower eyelid that cleans and protects it


Internal Anatomy 



Esophagus— connects the mouth of the frog to the stomach
Gall bladder— sac that stores the bile
Liver— secretes the bile and processes digested food
Large Intestine— stores undigested food
Cloaca— products of the frogs digestive and urogenital system pass through this organ when going out of the body

Fat bodies— fat that is in the body cavities of the frog that are needed for hibernation and mating

Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure 


HOW TO: Dissect and Earthworm

Earthworm (Oligochaeta)


Background

Earthworms can be found all over the world, the ones that live under the ground get their nutrients from the dirt. The reason that earthworms come to the surface of the Earth when it rains is because the earthworm breathes through its skin and its skin has to stay moist, so when the earthworm is placed in a position with water it thrives. Earthworms eat dirt, they eat things such as dead leaves and roots found in the soil. They also eat small living bacteria that is found in the soil. Earthworms do not have ears or eyes, they have one side of their body that is more sensitive to light than the other. 

External Anatomy 


Clitellum— synthesizes a reproductive sac of mucus
Septum— the structure within segments that connects the skin and internal organs
Anterior end— end where the mouth is located
Posterior end— end where the anus is located
Male Genital Pore— opening where sperm from worm is ejected during mating

Internal Anatomy 


Pharynx— sucks the food into the worm
Seminal Vesicle— stores the sperm of the worm
Gizzard— grinds the food for the worm
Dorsal blood vessel— carries the blood to the anterior end
Ventral blood vessel— carries the blood to the posterior end 
Crop— temporarily stores the food
Aortic arches— pump the blood

Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure

 




HOW TO: Dissect a Fish

Fish [Yellow Perch] (Osteichthyes)


Background

The Yellow Perch is a ray-finned fish, the ray shaped fins help the perch to move quickly through the water. The Yellow Perch lives in ponds, lakes, and streams. They require fresh water and lots of vegetation/plants. They feed on algae and plankton but, when they get older they feed on small aquatic insects. Larger perch feed on insects, crayfish, snails, mussels, leeches, fish eggs, and worms or even smaller yellow perch. Being a fish, the perch breathes through the gills on the sides of it's body. Female perch lay eggs (up to 40,000) and multiple males fertilize them. The eggs can swell up to a point where a strand of them would be over eight feet long. 

External Anatomy 

Mouth - composed of the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw), is used for eating
External nares - nostrils that open/lead to the olfactory sacs
Eyes - the yellow perch as lateral eyes and no eyelids
Gills - behind operculum, used for breathing underwater
Lateral line - detects movements and pressure changes in water
Fins - dorsal (on top of the fish), caudal (end of tail), anal (ventral end of tail), pectoral (lateral, paired), pelvic (below pectoral), all work together for swimming, steering, and maintaining equilibrium
Anus - opening used to discharge waste




Internal Anatomy 

Swim bladder - sac filled with oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Adjusts the gravity of the fish in different depths of water. Also secretes and absorbs gases.
Olfactory lobes - smell section of the brain
Optic lobes - thin, posterior to cerebrum, vision section of the brain
Medulla - enlargement where the spinal chord and brain meet



Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure 







HOW TO: Dissect a Crayfish

Crayfish (Malacostraca)


Background

Crayfish are found in all bodies of fresh water such streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds. The place where crayfish are typical found in Northern Virginia. Crayfish are omnivorous and can eat just about anything. According to this website, if you have a pet crayfish you could even feed it cat food and hot-dogs and it would still be happy. They breathe through gills and can live outside of water as long as their gills are wet. Crayfish are able to live up to 20-30 years. 


External Anatomy 


Anntenule - an anntena-like appendage with receptors for touch, taste, and equilibrium
Uropod - anterior flipper that propels the crayfish through the water
Cheliped - claw used to capture food and provide defense
Telson - flat triangular section of the tail, used for swimming
Walking legs - enable the crayfish to walk slowly
Swimmerts - organs that create water currents and functions in reproduction

Internal Anatomy 


Green Gland - removes chemical waste from the blood
Mandibular intestine - carries waste
Ganglia - bundle of nerve cells
Stomach - has chitinous teeth which grind food to a paste
Oviduct - passageway for eggs

Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure 


HOW TO: Dissect a Starfish

Starfish (Sea Star)


Background

These invertebrates reside in all parts of the ocean, including the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. Starfish primarily feed on clams, oysters, sand dollars, mollusks and mussels. Starfish are able to breathe through their feet. Their feet are made of a very thin tissue in which gases can move easily. Ironically, starfish are not actually fish. They do not have gills, fins, or scales like fish do. They move with their feet while fish propel themselves through the water.

External Anatomy


Aboral Surface— side of the starfish without a mouth ("top")
Oral Surface— side of starfish with mouth ("bottom")
Eyespot— lies underneath the skin, can detect light and dark
Central Disc— center of the starfish from which the arms start from, contains the madreporite, mouth, and anus
Madreporite— used to filter water into the water vascular system of the echinoderms
Ambulacral Groove— contains the feet on the oral side and used to open up shells for food

Internal Anatomy 



Digestive glands— break down food by the use of enzymes and connected to the stomach
Ring Cartal— carries water from the stone canal to the radial canal, connects the two canals
Ossicles— forms part of the exoskeleton and provides protection and strength
Gonads— reproductive organs (ovaries or testes) that are used with reproduction by producing egg or sperm
Lateral (Radial) Canal— runs the length of the starfish arm and is part of the water vascular system
Ampulla— fills up with water and then releases water to feet

Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure







 

HOW TO: Dissect a Grasshopper

Grasshopper (Romalea)


Background

Grasshoppers are widespread in the United States, they are most prominent in the fall months. Found in areas with grasses, vacant lots, and gardens. Grasshoppers are herbivores so they manly feed on grasses. Grasshoppers have holes on their abdomens and thorax called spiracles. They have an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between their tissues (called tracheal breathing). In the early stages of a grasshopper's life, they do not have wings. However, as they mature, they develop wings. They are visible as small pads at the end of the thorax. 

External Anatomy

Head
Antennae - located on the head above the mouth.  Is used like a human's nose, but senses odors, touch, humidity, vibration, wind velocity, and wind direction.
Compound eyes - (2) can see shape, color, movement and distance.
Simple eyes - can only detect light intensity
Thorax
Legs - There are both walking and leaping legs.  The four walking legs are located toward the front of the thorax, and the two leaping legs are located toward the back.
Abdomen 
Ovipositer (females) - Where tube is located to deliver eggs
Spiracles - used to breathe






Internal Anatomy 




Dorsal Blood Vessel - heart
Tracheae - network of air tubes
Ganglia - bundle of nerve cells
Crop - stores food
Gizzard - grinds food with chittinous plates
Intestine - transports waste through the digestive system from the ind gut to the rectum
Malpighian Tubules - removes chemical waste from the blood
Rectum - passageway for digested waste from the intestine to the anus

Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure




HOW TO: Dissect a Clam

Clam (Bivalvia or Pelecypoda)


Background

Tend to inhabit shallow waters, there is over 15,000 different living species and 500 live in fresh water while the rest live in salt water. Clams are filter feeders, they pump water through their bodies to capture microscopic organisms such as plankton. The clam breaths through gills, the gills are used for both breathing and feeding the clam. The clam sticks the ends of its siphons out of the shell and food and oxygen come in one end and out the other. Clams move by the use of their foot, the foot allows the clam to move from side to side when necessary. Below is a video of a clam using its foot in order to move on land:


External Anatomy


Umbo— oldest part of the clam, where the clam, highest part of the shell
Growth Lines— shows the age of the clam
Hinge Ligament— hinges the valves together and allows them to open and close, important part

Internal Anatomy


Stomach— separates water from the food, starts digestive process 
Gill— filters oxygen from the water in order for the clam to breathe
Mantle— cover for the clam that helps with growth, respiration, and shell color
Axe foot— allows the clam to burrow and move around, axe shaped

Incision Guide


Dissection Procedure